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The Office for Science and Technology Policy states that Research Misconduct represents a "significant departure" from accepted practice and must be "committed intentionally, knowingly or recklessly"; and it must be proven by a preponderance of the evidence.
Misconduct means fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, or other serious deviation from accepted practices in proposing, carrying out, or reporting results from research.
Fabrication is making up data or result and recording or reporting them.
Falsification is manipulating research materials, equipment, processes or changing or omitting data such that research is not accurately represented in the research record.
Plagiarism is the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results or words without giving appropriate credit.
Research Misconduct does not include difference of opinion.
Research Misconduct involves failure to coply with federal requirements for the protect of researchers, human subjects or the public or for ensuring the welfare of laboratory animals.
Research Misconduct is the failure to meet other material legal requirements governing research.
To address these elements of Research Misconduct, institutions must have procedures for handling allegation, conducting inquiries, and protecting whistle blowers.
ORI is the central source for research administrators for Research Misconduct. ORI seeks to provide awareness and knowledge or responsibie research practices, regulations and misconduct issues in several core areas. These core areas are: data acquisition, management, sharing and ownership; mentor/trainee responsibilities; publication practices and responsible authorship; peer review; collaborative science; human subjects; research involving animals; research misconduct; and conflict interest and commitment.
References:
In order, the PHS/DHHS, Office of Research Integrity (ORI), NSF, OSTP, and National Academies Statement on RCR are listed under External Links just below.
See Also:
ORI, Final Report, Analysis of Institutional Policies for Responding to Allegations of Scientific Misconduct, Task Order #4, Contract No. 282-98-0008,m September 29, 2000. Submitted by CHPS Consulting, 10440 Little Patuxent Parkway, 10th Floor, Columbia, MD 21044. Phone 410.715.9400. Fax 410.715.9718. www.chpsconsulting.com. This report should be helpful in drafting an institutional research misconduct policy.
External links:
http://ori.dhhs.gov/misconduct/inquiry_issues.shtml
http://www.nsf.gov/oig/brochure.pdf and http://www.nsf.gov/oig/session.pdf
http://ori.hhs.gov
http://ori.hhs.gov/publications/ori_intro_text.shtml (ORI Introduction to RCR)
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